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Peter and Catharine Whyte fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions36
- Part Of
- Peter and Catharine Whyte fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of papers, photographs and sound recordings of Peter and Catharine Whyte and the papers and photographs of their respective families. Consists of three sous-fonds: V683, S37 and M36. M36 and S37 consists of three series. Series I: Peter and Catharine Whyte, Series II: Robb and Morse …
- Date Range
- 1856-1980
- Reference Code
- M36 / S37 / V683
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Drawing
- Motion picture
- Film
- Photograph
- Album
- Ambrotype
- Cased photograph
- Daguerreotype
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Postcard
- Tintype
- Transparency
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Reel to reel
- Textual record
- Plan
- Poster
- Private record
- Published record
1 Electronic Resource
- Part Of
- Peter and Catharine Whyte fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M36 / V683 / S37
- Sous-Fonds
- TBD
- Accession Number
- 3069 and various
- Reference Code
- M36 / S37 / V683
- GMD
- Drawing
- Motion picture
- Film
- Photograph
- Album
- Ambrotype
- Cased photograph
- Daguerreotype
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Postcard
- Tintype
- Transparency
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Reel to reel
- Textual record
- Plan
- Poster
- Private record
- Published record
- Other Title Info
- Also known as the Whyte family fonds
- Date Range
- 1856-1980
- Physical Description
- 25 m of textual records. -- ca.46,000 photographs : prints, albums, postcards, cased photographs, transparencies, negatives. -- 178 sound recordings : audio tape reels, audio tape cassettes. -- 6 motion pictures (and film strips)
- History / Biographical
- Peter and Catharine Whyte were artists, photographers, outdoor enthusiasts, travelers, philanthropists and cultural workers at Banff, Alberta, Canada. Peter Whyte, 1905-1966, was born at Banff in 1905 to pioneer merchant Dave White and Annie (Curren) White. He was an accomplished skier and ski jumper and one of the region's first native-born painters with an intimate knowledge of the mountains and was an active photographer from ca.1920 until the 1950s. Peter Whyte studied art at the Otis Art Institute, Los Angeles, 1923-1924, and at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston, 1925, where he met Catharine Robb. Catharine Robb Whyte, 1906-1979, was born in 1906 at Concord, Massachusetts and grew up amongst the wealth and creativity of the Robb and Morse families. She studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston, 1925-1929.
- Following their marriage in 1930, the Whytes pursued a life of painting, photography, hiking, skiing and travelling. Their log home and studio in Banff became a focal point for their artist friends, Stoney Indians and local pioneers. Catharine shared Pete's involvement in skiing and hiking organizations and together they managed Skoki Lodge from 1932-1934. In following years, the Whytes travelled extensively. During the Second World War, Peter served in the reserve army, with the Royal Canadian Air Force as a photographer and, briefly, as an official war artist. Catharine continued to paint and maintain their home and, when possible, accompanied Pete to his military postings. In civilian life, Pete resumed his art career, explored new photographic techniques and sculpted.
- Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Whytes formulated plans for a foundation to preserve the art and history of the Canadian Rockies. Plans for a building to house an archives, public library and gallery were in preparation when Pete died in 1966. The Peter Whyte Foundation was named in his honour. Catharine immersed herself in the development of what is now the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, in the cultural community, painting, outdoor activity, travel and work with the Stoney First Nations. She became a more active photographer, recording her travels and outdoor pursuits. She served in an official capacity with numerous cultural and charitable organizations, was a patron to individuals studying art and music, and supported numerous causes relating to the Stoney First Nations. Catharine also supported causes related to multiculturalism, regional culture and recreation, and cancer research. Despite her modesty and often anonymous patronage of causes, Catharine was recognized with numerous awards and honours, including the Order of Canada in 1978. She died in Banff in 1979.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of papers, photographs and sound recordings of Peter and Catharine Whyte and the papers and photographs of their respective families. Consists of three sous-fonds: V683, S37 and M36. M36 and S37 consists of three series. Series I: Peter and Catharine Whyte, Series II: Robb and Morse families, Series III: White and Curren families. Within Series I, there are four Sub-series: Series: A. Catharine Robb Whyte papers; B. Peter Whyte papers; C. Peter and Catharine Whyte papers accessioned after 2017; D. Peter and Catharine Whyte sound recordings.
- Name Access
- Whyte, Peter
- Whyte, Catharine
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Communications
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- First nations
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- sous-fonds, series and file description for textual
- sub-series and group description for photographs
- item description, subject/proper name index, and summaries for sound recordings
- reference copies for sound recordings
- Creator
- Whyte, Peter
- Whyte, Catharine
- Category
- Arts
- Communications
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- First nations
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
Electronic Resources
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Browne family fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions115
- Part Of
- Browne family fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists mainly of diary excerpts and transcripts, 1912-1913, 1921-1954; also includes a guest book, 1924-1956, posters, ca.1942, publications relating the story of Belmore Browne Peak, 1992-1993, and photographs, ca.1930, ca.1955, 1991-1992. Diaries are mainly trip diaries pertaining to summ…
- Date Range
- 1912-1993, predominant 1921-1954
- Reference Code
- M473 / V39
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Poster
- Private record
- Published record
1 image
- Part Of
- Browne family fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 473
- V 39
- Sous-Fonds
- M 473
- V 39
- Accession Number
- 3429, 3813, 3863, 3873, 3892, 3901, 3975, 3995, 4007, 4021, 4037, 4039, 5075, 5149, 5220, 6382, 6596, 6741, 6742, 6774
- Reference Code
- M473 / V39
- GMD
- Photograph
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Poster
- Private record
- Published record
- Date Range
- 1912-1993, predominant 1921-1954
- Physical Description
- 24 cm of textual records. -- 108 photographs : prints, copy negatives, transparencies
- History / Biographical
- Belmore Browne, d.1954, was a well-known artist who lived and worked at Banff and Seebe, Alberta, Canada and in the United States. Browne and Agnes Evelyn Sibley, 1882-1976, were married in 1913. In 1921, they bought property in Banff for a summer home and with their children, George, 1918-1958, and Evelyn, 1915-1994, travelled extensively throughout the 1920s and 1930s in pursuit of subjects for Belmore Browne's paintings. In 1946, the Brownes built a home near Seebe. Agnes Browne was a diarist for the family and much of her extensive writing centres around the career of Belmore Browne. Her daughter Evelyn consolidated the diaries in the 1980s. George Browne was also an artist.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists mainly of diary excerpts and transcripts, 1912-1913, 1921-1954; also includes a guest book, 1924-1956, posters, ca.1942, publications relating the story of Belmore Browne Peak, 1992-1993, and photographs, ca.1930, ca.1955, 1991-1992.
- Diaries are mainly trip diaries pertaining to summer travels and family life in the Canadian Rockies, 1921-1933. Included are trips to Red Earth Creek, Skoki, Mystic Lake, Sawback Lake, Red Deer Valley, Hector Lake, Bow Lake, Kananaskis Valley, Cascade and Panther rivers, Elbow Pass, and other locations. Other diaries cover the years 1943 to 1954, years partly spent at Seebe until Belmore Browne's death. Diary copies and typescripts have been annotated by Evelyn Browne.
- Posters on alpine and wilderness survival, ca.1942, were done by Belmore Browne for the American military's Arctic Training Program.
- Photographs are mainly photographic copies of paintings by Belmore and George Browne produced by Peter A. Juley & Son, Photographers of Fine Arts, New York, ca.1955, 79 items. Other photographs pertain to Belmore Browne and the Browne family, their Banff home and painting activities, ca.1930; the site of Belmore Browne plaque on Browne Peak, rediscovered and photographed by Tony and Gillean Daffern in September 1991, and dedication of the Belmore Browne plaque, 1992.
- Official correspondence pertaining to the naming of Belmore Browne Peak, 1989-1993, is available in document file.
- Name Access
- Browne, Belmore
- Browne, George
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Access Restrictions
- Reference use only
- Other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- file list and index
- Creator
- Browne, Belmore
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
Images
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
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Al Burgess fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions116
- Part Of
- Al Burgess fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of Al Burgess dictation files for "Everest Canada: the ultimate challenge" (by Al Burgess and Jim Palmer, published 1983), and accompanying typewritten transcripts. Recordings have titles and correspond to the organization of the book. One recording is autobiographical.
- Date Range
- 1982-1983
- Reference Code
- M64 / S48
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Textual record
- Private record
- Part Of
- Al Burgess fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 64
- S 48
- Sous-Fonds
- M64/S48
- Accession Number
- 6500
- Reference Code
- M64 / S48
- Date Range
- 1982-1983
- Physical Description
- 17 sound recordings : audio tape cassettes. -- 3.5 cm of textual records
- History / Biographical
- Al Burgess, b.1948, is an international mountaineer, originally based at Calgary, Alberta, Canada and now living mainly in Nepal. Burgess began climbing in 1964 in the United Kingdom and the European Alps, often with his twin brother, Adrian. After coming to Canada in 1974, Burgess climbed extensively and took part in numerous expeditions in Canada, the European Alps, South America and the Himalayas. Burgess was a member of the 1982 Canadian Mount Everest Expedition.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of Al Burgess dictation files for "Everest Canada: the ultimate challenge" (by Al Burgess and Jim Palmer, published 1983), and accompanying typewritten transcripts. Recordings have titles and correspond to the organization of the book. One recording is autobiographical.
- Name Access
- Burgess, Al
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Creator
- Burgess, Al
- Title Source
- Title based on accession record
- Processing Status
- Unprocessed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Bruno Engler fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions174
- Part Of
- Bruno Engler fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds is primarily a broad-ranging commercial negative collection pertaining to Banff and area, including businesses, buildings, projects, events, people and scenic views; skiing, mountain travel and recreation; Sunshine Village Ski Area; warden activities in the mountain parks; national and provin…
- Date Range
- [ca.1886]-1998, predominant ca.1940-1995
- Reference Code
- M323 / S40 / V190
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Machine-readable data file
- Motion picture
- Film
- Video
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Reel to reel
- Textual record
- Corporate record
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Part Of
- Bruno Engler fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 323
- S 40
- V 190
- Sous-Fonds
- M 323
- S 40
- V 190
- Accession Number
- 188, 1300, 2622, 2998, 3468, 3496, 5507, 6200, 6770 (unproc), 7045(unproc), 7436 (unproc)
- Reference Code
- M323 / S40 / V190
- GMD
- Machine-readable data file
- Motion picture
- Film
- Video
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Reel to reel
- Textual record
- Corporate record
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Date Range
- [ca.1886]-1998, predominant ca.1940-1995
- Physical Description
- ca.31,580 photographs: negatives, prints, and transparencies. -- 1 photograph album (ca.150 prints). -- 50 motion pictures: 1 original, 8 copies on 3 video cassettes, 41 film reels: 16mm, 35mm. -- 18 sound recordings: audio tape reels, audio tape cassettes. -- 5 electronic records: computer diskettes. -- 3 maps. -- 15 cm textual records.
- History / Biographical
- Bruno Engler, 1915-2001, was a mountain guide, ski instructor, photographer and film maker at Banff and Canmore, Alberta, Canada. Engler arrived from Switzerland in 1939 and initially worked as a mountain guide and ski instructor for the Canadian Pacific Railway, Sunshine ski area and for Deer Lodge at Lake Louise, Alberta. During the Second World War, he served as a mountain warfare instructor for the Canadian Army. Following the war, Engler worked as a free-lance photographer for the National Film Board and others; as coach of the University of Alberta Ski Team; and as a technical advisor, cameraman and actor for numerous movies made in the Banff area. Throughout his career, Engler worked as a still and motion picture photographer, both for the movie industry and for governments at all levels, as well as operating his own business, Alpine Films of Banff, Alberta.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds is primarily a broad-ranging commercial negative collection pertaining to Banff and area, including businesses, buildings, projects, events, people and scenic views; skiing, mountain travel and recreation; Sunshine Village Ski Area; warden activities in the mountain parks; national and provincial parks; scenic views of western Canada, particularly mountain landscapes; some portraits and candid shots of local and international personalities. Photographs pertaining to film making include helicopter rescue; highway construction; Norquay, Sunshine, and Lake Louise ski areas' histories; Banff events and buildings; Canmore events and buildings; professional and amateur ski races; scenic mountain and wildlife; mountaineering and highway accidents; mountain guiding trips including Pierre Trudeau, Roland Michener and Peter Lougheed. Fonds consists of four series: Photography, Motion Pictures, Sound Recordings, and Textual records. Photography series consists of four sub-series established by the photographer: I. Old file, 1949-1970; II. Main file, alphabetical A - Z, 1950-1976; III Sunshine file, [1939], 1950-1975; IV. Warden file, 1954-1976.
- Motion pictures on video cassettes are footage of skiing at Sunshine, 1930s; Clifford White films, 1930s, from WMCR Archives collection (V682); "Snow Capers" by Thomas Mead, 1946, includes Engler; "Ski Pro's Holiday" by George Encil, 1950?; "Mount Bulyea" by George Encil, 1950?, includes Engler; "Diary of a Mountain Man," a CBC documentary feature on Bruno Engler broadcast on "20/20" in 1965 (ca.27 minutes); "Great Days in the Rockies" by National Film Board of Canada, 1983; "Mountain Man" by Banff Centre, 1985, re Engler. Original film is "Sunshine 1940" and includes Brewster Transport ski buses travelling from train station to Sunshine Lodge, skiers, guide, lessons, games, rope tow, ski action, slalom, Bruno Engler, other. 16mm and 35mm film reels, 1946-1964 are films produced by the National Film Board.
- Sound recordings, electronic records and and related textual material pertain to interviews with Bruno Engler, 1987, done by Brian Patton and Jon Whyte for Bruno Engler autobiography project. Interviews covered Engler's life, but are not complete to 1987. Transcripts, prepared from recordings by Brenda Goeres, are not verbatim. Audio tape cassettes consist of portions of content of audio tape reels.
- Textual records include corporate records, newspaper clippings and magazine articles pertaining to film making, cast and crew listings and schedules for various movies, ski racing, mountain guiding trips and ski race listings. Also included is documentation pertaining to film making with producer National Film Board including letters, film stock footage, press releases, and film summaries; maps indicate film location shots for Arctic Rampage.
- Name Access
- Engler, Bruno
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Government
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: basic description
- electronic finding aid
- Related Material
- Duplicate or further transcripts for sound recordings are found in Jon Whyte fonds (M88).
- Creator
- Engler, Bruno
- Category
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Government
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on accession records and contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed / Unprocessed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Esther Fraser fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions185
- Part Of
- Esther Fraser fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of literary and research papers pertaining to Fraser's research and writing projects. I. Canadian Rockies book project, 196-, including research files (notes, correspondence, sound recording); manuscript drafts (including illustrations); and other material pertaining mainly to public…
- Date Range
- [196-]-1978
- Reference Code
- M517 / S45 / V49
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Photograph print
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Textual record
- Private record
- Part Of
- Esther Fraser fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 517
- S 45
- V 49
- Sous-Fonds
- M 517
- S 45
- V 49
- Accession Number
- 5241, 5930
- Reference Code
- M517 / S45 / V49
- Date Range
- [196-]-1978
- Physical Description
- ca.75 cm of textual records : includes photographs. -- 66 photographs : prints. -- 3 sound recordings (4 audio cassette tapes)
- History / Biographical
- Esther Fraser, d.1978, was a writer based at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Fraser studied education at the University of Alberta, taught briefly and wrote scripts for radio school broadcasts. Her major works centered on the history of the Canadian Rockies. "The Canadian Rockies: Early Travels and Explorations" was published by M. G. Hurtig Ltd. of Edmonton in 1969 and quickly became a popular standard work, selling over 20,000 copies. "Wheeler," Fraser's biography of Arthur Oliver Wheeler, was published in 1978 by Summerthought of Banff.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of literary and research papers pertaining to Fraser's research and writing projects.
- I. Canadian Rockies book project, 196-, including research files (notes, correspondence, sound recording); manuscript drafts (including illustrations); and other material pertaining mainly to publication and post- publication activities. Project records include correspondence, notes and sound recording re Jimmy Simpson. Banff research material appears to be an incomplete project centering mainly on local personalities, and includes research notes on individuals and events over the period pre-1887 to 1952.
- II. Wheeler book project, before 1979, including research files (notes, transcripts of Wheeler family papers, correspondence, diary interpretations, photographs); manuscript drafts; and other material.
- III. Other projects, before 1978, including Banff research material and research on Dr. Silver Keeping.
- IV. General research photographs, copies made between ca.1965 and 1978.
- V. Other material, before 1978, pertaining mainly to research and professional activities; also one personal item.
- Name Access
- Fraser, Esther
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Access Restrictions
- No restrictions on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- file description and index
- summary of Jimmy Simpson interview (S45/1)
- Creator
- Fraser, Esther
- Category
- Arts
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Title Source
- Title based on accession records and contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
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Leonard Leacock fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions249
- Part Of
- Leonard Leacock fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consist of four separate series: A. I.A. Photography: negatives; B. I.C. Photography: transparencies, 35mm; C. I.D. Photography: prints; D. I.B. Photography: lantern slides. Fonds consists mainly of scenic transparency views arising from Leacock's climbs, hikes, horse and car trips in the Can…
- Date Range
- 1924-1992
- Reference Code
- M372 / S24 / V353
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Sound recording
- Textual record
- Diary
- Private record
- Published record
- Scrapbook
- Part Of
- Leonard Leacock fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 372
- S 24
- V 353
- Sous-Fonds
- M 372
- S 24
- V 353
- Accession Number
- 2568, 3451, 6501, 6502, 6503, 6507, 6580, 6756, 7091, 2022.36
- Reference Code
- M372 / S24 / V353
- GMD
- Photograph
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Sound recording
- Textual record
- Diary
- Private record
- Published record
- Scrapbook
- Date Range
- 1924-1992
- Physical Description
- ca.5100 photographs (ca.4450 transparencies, ca.575 negatives, ca.90 prints). -- 17 cm of textual records (including several volumes). -- 4 sound recordings
- History / Biographical
- Leonard Henry Leacock, 1904-1992, was a musician and educator at Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Leacock was born in England and raised in Banff, Alberta. He was educated in Banff and Boston and through the Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto, and the Royal School of Music, London, England. Leacock joined the staff of Mount Royal College, Calgary as a piano teacher in 1924 and retired from teaching ca.1989. His music career also included performing, composing and adjudicating. Throughout his life, Leacock was an avid mountaineer and photographer. He took numerous hiking and horse trips in the Banff, Jasper and Yoho areas and sometimes worked in trail camps or as a guide.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consist of four separate series: A. I.A. Photography: negatives; B. I.C. Photography: transparencies, 35mm; C. I.D. Photography: prints; D. I.B. Photography: lantern slides.
- Fonds consists mainly of scenic transparency views arising from Leacock's climbs, hikes, horse and car trips in the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks from the Crowsnest Pass through Jasper National Park, ca.1939 to 1984. Also included are travels in Yukon, Canada and the United States, including Alaska. Negatives date from 1925 to 1940? and pertain to Assiniboine, Lake Louise, Banff, Banff-Jasper, Columbia Icefield and other mountain areas; also natural history, including wildflowers and wildlife. A small number of negatives are accompanied by prints. Other prints pertain to Leacock, family, events and scenic views.
- Textual records include letters, 1926-1986, 1 cm; diaries, 1930-1934, 1943, 2 items; scrapbooks and clippings, 1931-1936, ca.6 cm; manuscript scores of vocal and instrumental music, before 1985, 8 cm; concert programmes for which Leacock wrote the notes, 1962-1969, 37 items; other concert programmes, [ca.1945]-1986, 2 cm; writings, 1924, 1928, n.d., 4 items; other material, 1931-1987, 8 items. Diaries pertain to Leacock's personal life, giving details of musical, writing, artistic and dramatic activities; teaching and tour guiding; hikes and climbs in the Canadian Rockies; and friends, including Herbert Hahn and Stewart Cameron. Some letters are from Earle Birney, 1926-1978.
- Sound recordings are interviews with Leacock re his career in music, including performing, composing and teaching; also music played by Leacock. Also includes one cassette recording [ca.1985-1992] of Doug Hawkes interviewing Leacock re: a pack trip he went on around 1931 between Gleichen and Jasper and back; cassette includes a story of a camp trip at Castlegar.
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Education
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Music
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- file description
- electronic inventory
- summary and reference copy recording for audio interview
- Creator
- Leacock, Leonard
- Category
- Arts
- Education
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on accession records and contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Andy Russell fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions336
- Part Of
- Andy Russell fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of seven series: I. Personal and professional series, 1937-1993 (diaries, correspondence, filing systems and papers pertaining to awards, memberships, biography and other); II. Business series, 1948-1982 (pertaining to guiding, outfitting, trail riding, ranching, Andy Russell and S…
- Date Range
- [1867]-1993, predominant 1908-1993
- Reference Code
- M153 / S43 / V555
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Motion picture
- Film
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Sound recording
- Textual record
- Diary
- Private record
- Published record
- Part Of
- Andy Russell fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 153
- S 43
- V 555
- Sous-Fonds
- M153/S43/V555
- Accession Number
- 963, 5777, 5964, 6338, 6339, 6547, 6567
- Reference Code
- M153 / S43 / V555
- GMD
- Motion picture
- Film
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Sound recording
- Textual record
- Diary
- Private record
- Published record
- Date Range
- [1867]-1993, predominant 1908-1993
- Physical Description
- 6 m of textual records and printed material. -- ca.6100 photographs : prints, negatives, transparencies. -- 1 photograph album (49 prints). -- 29 motion pictures. -- 5 sound recordings
- History / Biographical
- Andy Russell, 1915-2005, was a trapper, guide and outfitter, writer, photographer, cinematographer, lecturer and environmental advocate in the Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada.
- Russell was born in Lethbridge, Alberta and spent his childhood on a ranch in the foothills near Pincher Creek. He became a skilled horseman, hunter, fisherman and trapper, and, in 1936, was employed by Bert Riggall, a pioneer guide and outfitter of wilderness pack trips in the southern Rockies since 1907. He became Riggall's partner in 1939 and took over the business when Riggall retired in 1946. Andy Russell and Kathleen (Kay) Riggall married in 1938 and raised five children at their ranch bordering Waterton Lakes National Park, where family businesses included guiding, saddlehorses and ranching. Children are: Richard "Dick" H. (b.1938); Andrew Charles "Charlie" (b.1941); Harold John "John" (b.1944); Hugh Gordon Riggall "Gordon" (b.1947); Lorenda Anne "Anne" (b.1952).
- Russell continued as a renowned guide and outfitter with a wealthy repeat clientele until he was forced out of guiding by 1960 with the advance of the oil industry concerns upon wilderness areas in southern Alberta and British Columbia. Russell began to write nature articles in 1945 and after 1960 concentrated upon writing, photography, film making, lecturing and ranching. He wrote for numerous magazines and newspapers, produced radio broadcasts, and, using colour motion picture photography, developed programs on wildlife and wilderness habitat research for live public performances. Russell's films launched his career as an author of popular wildlife and mountain culture books, which included Grizzly Country. In later years, he was an active writer, consultant and advocate of wilderness and environmental management and received numerous awards and honours, including Member of the Order of Canada.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of seven series: I. Personal and professional series, 1937-1993 (diaries, correspondence, filing systems and papers pertaining to awards, memberships, biography and other); II. Business series, 1948-1982 (pertaining to guiding, outfitting, trail riding, ranching, Andy Russell and Sons, royalties and lecturing); III. Writing, broadcasting and public appearances series, 1908-1990 (papers and photographs pertaining to writing, book projects, columns, broadcasts, reviews, advertising, promotion and other); IV. Photography and cinematography series, 1909-1990 (details below); V. Wildlife study and conservation activities series, 1945-[198-]; VI. Other activities series, 1931-[199-] (politics, interviews, information files); VII. Russell family series, [1867]-1983.
- Photography and cinematography series consists of: Riggall/Russell guiding activity photographs, 1909-1962, ca.280 items; Andy Russell and Sons Production Ltd / Andy Russell professional photographs and films, ca.1940- ca.1990, ca.4200 photographs (mainly transparencies), 28 motion pictures, accompanied by some textual and printed items; personal and family photographs, 1916-1989, ca.1550 items; collected photographs, ca.1940-197-, ca.75 items. Professional photography and cinematography primarily arose from field work by Andy, Dick and Charlie Russell and pertains mainly to flora, fauna and landscape of the Canadian Rockies in continental divide region, British Columbia, Yukon and Alaska.
- Motion pictures, ca.1950-1974, include original film "Grizzly Country" by Dick, Charlie and Andy Russell, produced by Evan J. Anton, ca.1969, copy print of same; also unedited wildlife and landscape footage of Waterton area, Yukon and British Columbia.
- Sound recordings are interviews with Andy Russell, [ca.1970]-1988.
- Name Access
- Russell, Andy
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- series and file description
- electronic finding aid
- video reference copy for "Grizzly country"
- sound recording reference copy recordings
- Related Material
- Related to the Kay Russell family fonds (M36/V36) and the Bert Riggall fonds (M376/V26)
- Creator
- Russell, Andy
- Category
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Biographical Source Notes
- Russell family
- Title Source
- Title based on accession record
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Mary Schaffer fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions341
- Part Of
- Mary Schaffer fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of three series: I. Personal, literary and research papers, 1907-ca.1935; II. Mary Schaffer photographs, 1893-ca.1920; II. Other, 1895-1928. I. Papers series consists of four sub-series: A. Correspondence, 1908-1922; B. Literary manuscripts (original and published), 1907-ca.1925; …
- Date Range
- 1893-[ca.1935]
- Reference Code
- M79 / V527
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Part Of
- Mary Schaffer fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M79 / V527
- Series
- V527
- Sous-Fonds
- V527
- Accession Number
- 275, 439, 573, 2685, 2764, 2933, 2996, 3284, 3302, 5248, 7202, 7731, 7737
- Reference Code
- M79 / V527
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Other Title Info
- Also known as Mary Schaffer Warren fonds
- Date Range
- 1893-[ca.1935]
- Physical Description
- 35 cm of textual records. -- ca.2025 photographs (ca.1550 transparencies, ca.400 negatives, 75 prints). -- 7 photograph albums (ca.1760 prints)
- History / Biographical
- Mary Schaffer, 1861-1939, also known as Mary Schaffer Warren, was an American explorer, photographer and artist who visited the Canadian Rockies and Selkirk Mountains frequently beginning in 1888, finally settling in Banff, Alberta in 1912. Born Mary Townsend Sharples to moderately wealthy Quaker parents at West Chester, Pennsylvania, she first visited the Canadian Rockies and Selkirk Mountains in 1888 with her friend Mary Vaux. She returned the following year with her husband, Dr. Charles Schaffer, and until Charles died in 1903, the Schaffers travelled annually to the mountains to study botany. Using Dr. Schaffer's data and her drawings and photographs, Mary Schaffer and Stewardson Brown completed "Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains" in 1907.
- Schaffer continued to travel in the Canadian mountains, often through remote regions. In 1908, she reached Maligne Lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, and returned in 1911 to survey the region. "Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rockies," 1911, recounts her adventures of 1907 and 1908. Schaffer settled in Banff in 1912 and married her guide, Billy Warren, in 1915.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of three series: I. Personal, literary and research papers, 1907-ca.1935; II. Mary Schaffer photographs, 1893-ca.1920; II. Other, 1895-1928.
- I. Papers series consists of four sub-series: A. Correspondence, 1908-1922; B. Literary manuscripts (original and published), 1907-ca.1925; C. Maps of Maligne Lake; D. Other, 1905-ca.1935. Literary manuscripts pertain to the Athabasca River, Maligne Lake, Howse, Yellowhead and Athabasca passes; hunting; Dr. Gilbert Atkin and Nurse Fulcher's medical mission to Ya Ha Tinda Ranch; Banff, Revelstoke BC, Saskatchewan River; Stoney Nakoda; Palliser Expedition; and Mary Schaffer life and activities.
- II. Photographs series consists of four sub-series: A. Lantern slides; B. Photograph albums; C. Negatives; D. Prints. Lantern slides pertain to Mary Schaffer's trips to Maligne Lake and Yellowhead Pass, mountain scenics, nature subjects (animals, birds, flowers); and includes Mary Schaffer's lantern slide presentations "In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies", accompanied by scripts; Philip Moore's Indigenous lecture series, mainly copies from books and other graphic sources; and Mary Schaffer's slides of China and Japan. Photograph albums, 1908-ca.1921, pertain mainly to trips in the Canadian Rocky and Selkirk Mountains, especially expeditions to the Yoho and Ptarmigan Valleys, Nakimu Caves, North Saskatchewan River, Wilcox Pass and Maligne Lake. Two albums pertain to travels in Mexico and Asia. Negatives pertain mainly to Schaffer's trips and explorations, Glacier House and environs, alpine flora and fauna, mountain views, portraits, Sampson Beaver family, 1902-1911.
- III. Other material series consists of diaries of Molly Adams, 1908, and Mrs. H. H. Sharples, 1911, and original manuscripts and published reports by other writers, 1895-1928.
- Name Access
- Adams, Molly
- Schaffer, Mary
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Access Restrictions
- Some restrictions on access to originals
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: arrangement outline
- series and file description for processed material
- electronic finding aid
- item list for lantern slides
- copies of literary manuscripts
- modern reference prints for lantern slides
- Related Material
- Accompanied by books, artifacts and art works
- Creator
- Schaffer, Mary
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of file
- Processing Status
- Processed
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Bert Riggall fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions587
- Part Of
- Bert Riggall fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds includes seven series: I. Personal and professional, 1884-1959; II. Business and financial, ca.1910-1959; III. Professional photography, 1900-1955; IV. Writing, 1906-1957; V. Natural history, 1904-1954; VI. Other interests, 1913-1956; VII. Riggall family, ca.1865-1959. Personal and pro…
- Date Range
- [ca.1865]-1959, predominant [ca.1890]-1959
- Reference Code
- M376 / V26
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Part Of
- Bert Riggall fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M 376
- V 26
- Sous-Fonds
- M 376
- V 26
- Accession Number
- 5777, 7200, 7201, 7772 (unproc)
- Reference Code
- M376 / V26
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Diary
- Map
- Private record
- Published record
- Date Range
- [ca.1865]-1959, predominant [ca.1890]-1959
- Physical Description
- ca.13,100 photographs: ca.7080 prints, ca.5310 negatives, ca.700 transparencies. -- 9 photograph albums. -- ca.2 m textual records, print material and graphic records. -- 33 cartographic records
- History / Biographical
- Frederick Herbert (Bert) Riggall, 1884-1959, was a mountain guide, outfitter, hunter, trapper, rancher, naturalist, photographer, writer and gunsmith/loader in southern Alberta. Born in 1884 at Gayton-le-Wold Grange, Lincolnshire, his family moved to Grimsby where his father was an auctioneer and, in 1905, served as Mayor. In England, Riggall was an athlete, avid sportsman and naturalist. He was exposed to alpine country on school holidays in Switzerland and, determined to visit Canada, left for North America in 1904.
- Upon arriving in western Canada, Riggall worked for a year at Craighurst Farm near Calgary. There he met Dorothea (Dora) Williams, 1877-1951, an Irish Quaker ranch cook who had emigrated with her sister Anna in 1902. In 1905, Bert worked on the Correction Land Survey in southwestern Alberta and explored Waterton Lakes. Bert and Dora married in 1906 and until 1946 they homesteaded and ranched adjacent to Waterton Lakes National Park.
- Initially, Bert and partner Jack Hazzard built boats and guided fishing parties on Waterton Lakes. In 1909, with partner Cyril Watmough, the Riggalls began guiding and outfitting summer and fall hunting and fishing trips for numerous repeat clients, especially, after 1913, four Minneapolis, Minnesota families: Bovey, Crosby, Bennett and McKnight. Hunts involved Big Horn Sheep, goats, black and grizzly bears. Bert served as chief guide and Dora as camp cook. Prior to 1911, the Riggalls worked at Gloyne's oil camp and Oil City to supplement their income. In 1911, Bert and partner Cyril Watmough made a 1000 mile (1600 km) exploratory trip from Fort Steele, B.C. to the Yellowhead Pass and beyond. Following that trip, Riggall concentrated guiding activities on the continental divide as far north as the Highwood region, but primarily in the upper Oldman River Valley and Gap in the Livingstone Range. Their outfit grew to include numerous saddle and pack horses.
- Of five children, only two daughters survived infancy. Kay Riggall (Russell), 1909-1984, and Doris (Babe) Riggall (Burton), 1910-1999, were both able riders, markswomen and packtrain workers. They accompanied their parents on summer back country trips starting in 1918. Bert Riggall was renowned for his knowledge of botany, geology, zoology, wilderness life and lore as well as literature and current affairs. He was especially endeared to his clients for his skill as a raconteur and campfire storyteller. He wrote articles for magazines such as: Arms and the Man, American Rifleman, Field and Stream and the Boone and Crockett Club's book: North American Big Game. Riggall was an accomplished semi-professional photographer who specialized in wildlife studies, panoramic landscapes, Dufaycolor and later Kodachrome transparencies. His photographs appear in Department of Interior Reports and other publications.
- Bert's heart problems forced the Riggalls to move to Pincher Creek in 1947. Daughter Kay and son-in-law Andy Russell continued the packtrain and guiding business until 1960. After Dora's death, Bert experienced medical problems and lived with or close to Doris.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds includes seven series: I. Personal and professional, 1884-1959; II. Business and financial, ca.1910-1959; III. Professional photography, 1900-1955; IV. Writing, 1906-1957; V. Natural history, 1904-1954; VI. Other interests, 1913-1956; VII. Riggall family, ca.1865-1959.
- Personal and professional series consists of diaries and notes, correspondence and personal papers.
- Business and financial series consists of guiding and ranching records, gunsmithing, shooting and loading records; and legal and financial records.
- Professional photography series consists of standard photographs, panoramas, transparencies and textual records
- Writing series contains manuscripts, published magazines, book outlines, newspaper articles and letters to the editor
- Natural history series contains bird and plant records, and other natural history papers
- Other interests series consist of clippings, annotated books and collected material
- Riggall family series contains Bert and Dora Riggall family papers and photographs, Williams family photographs, Frederick W. and Fanny Riggall papers and photographs, and Allan Riggall papers and photographs. Negatives and transparencies pertain to Andy Russell as a young man with Bert Riggall.
- Notes
- Some transparencies in V110 Dick Russell are marked Andy Russell, some marked 64 dup; V110 - original transparencies have full set of duplicates (2 sets were made, 1 for Dick Russell and the other is part of this accession)
- Name Access
- Riggall, Bert
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- basic description for processed material
- Related Material
- Related to the Andy Russell fonds (M153/S43/V555) and the Kay Russell family fonds (M63/V63)
- Creator
- Riggall, Bert
- Category
- Arts
- Environment
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on accession record and contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed / Unprocessed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Luxton family fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions588
- Part Of
- Luxton family fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of textual, visual and sound materials pertaining to Norman Luxton, Eleanor Luxton and their family members and friends (including Georgina Luxton, Norman's parents and siblings, and members of the Ross, Graham and McDougall families). Includes correspondence, personal and profession…
- Date Range
- [ca.1860]-1995
- Reference Code
- LUX
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Cabinet card
- Framed print
- Negative
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Textual record
- Corporate record
- Private record
- Published record
- Scrapbook
1 Electronic Resource
- Part Of
- Luxton family fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- LUX
- Sous-Fonds
- LUX
- Accession Number
- Lux1 - EL estate, 1996
- Lux2 - Whyte Museum, 2000
- Lux3 - Glenbow Archives, 2001
- Reference Code
- LUX
- GMD
- Photograph
- Cabinet card
- Framed print
- Negative
- Sound recording
- Cassette
- Textual record
- Corporate record
- Private record
- Published record
- Scrapbook
- Other Title Info
- Also known as the Eleanor Luxton archives
- Date Range
- [ca.1860]-1995
- Physical Description
- ca.32.1 m of textual records (29.3 m textual records, 47 scrapbooks) -- ca.7290 photographs (ca.5300 b&w and col. prints, ca.1915 negatives, 75 transparencies, 2 tintypes) -- 17 albums -- ca.74 cm sound recordings (29 CDs, 45 audio cassettes, 17 R120 DAT tapes, 1 VHS, 8 voicewriter discs)
- History / Biographical
- The Norman Luxton family was a prominent family in Banff, Alberta, Canada from 1904 until 1962. Daughter Eleanor Luxton maintained the family's position in the town until her death in 1995.
- Publisher and businessman Norman K. Luxton, 1876-1962, was the son of Winnipeg Free Press co-founder William Luxton. After working for the Winnipeg Free Press, Norman Luxton travelled, then joined the Calgary Herald for eight years. In 1901, he journeyed 10,000 miles on the Pacific in the dug-out canoe Tilikum. After becoming ill, Luxton abandoned the trip in Fiji and came to Banff to recuperate. The around-the-world trip was subsequently completed by his sailing partner, Capt. John Voss.
- Luxton bought Banff's Crag and Canyon newspaper in 1902 and remained as publisher until 1951. Also in 1902, he established the Sign of the Goat Curio store which specialized in Stoney Indian handicrafts and taxidermy specimens. Other significant Luxton businesses were the King Edward Hotel and Livery, Luxton Bros. insurance (with brother Louis Luxton) and the Lux Block, which included a hotel, the Lux Theatre and retail stores.
- In 1904, Norman Luxton married Georgina (Georgie) Elizabeth McDougall, 1870-1965, of the pioneer missionary McDougall family of Morley, Alberta. In addition to her McDougall connections, Georgie Luxton was related by marriage to Senator George Ross. Norman and Georgie Luxton had one child, Eleanor Georgina, born in Banff in 1908.
- The Luxtons were important Banff "boosters" with involvement in numerous local organizations and events. Norman Luxton managed the Banff Indian Days from 1909 to 1950, was a founder of Banff Winter Carnival and was involved with native events at the Calgary Stampede for 25 years. In 1953, Norman established a museum to house his native artifacts. The Luxton Museum was built in co-operation with Eric Harvie of the Glenbow Foundation of Calgary. After Luxton's death, the museum continued to be managed by the Glenbow until 1992.
- Eleanor Luxton, 1908-1995, was a writer, historian, researcher, engineer, teacher and business woman. After graduating from high school in Banff in 1926, she attended the University of Alberta from 1926 until 1939, receiving degrees in history (BA '30, MA'33), a Diploma in Education (1931) and subsequent education, biology and natural history courses during the summers.
- Between 1937 and 1956, Eleanor received further degrees and certificates from studies at Garbutt Business College (Calgary), St. Stephen's College (Edmonton), Ottawa Technical High School, Havergal Ladies College (Ontario), St. George Williams College (Montreal), McGill University (Montreal) and the Banff School of Fine Arts. Subjects studied included office practices, shorthand, machine draughting, English, civil engineering (BSc '46), German, broadcast writing, management, commerce, accounting and commercial law.
- Eleanor Luxton's extensive education overlapped and preceded a long and varied professional career. Her teaching career extended from high school teacher in Alberta (Banff and Sexsmith), 1933-1940, to university lecturer in Montreal in the 1950s. During the 1940s, she worked in locomotive design for the CPR in Montreal. Beginning in 1956 and continuing until 1965, when she returned to Banff to care for her mother, Eleanor worked throughout southern Alberta as a field researcher for Calgary's Glenbow Foundation. From 1965 until her death in 1995, Eleanor remained in Banff in her family home and pursued an active career in writing and research.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of textual, visual and sound materials pertaining to Norman Luxton, Eleanor Luxton and their family members and friends (including Georgina Luxton, Norman's parents and siblings, and members of the Ross, Graham and McDougall families). Includes correspondence, personal and professional records, financial documents, organization and volunteer records, business and property records, scrapbooks and albums, research materials, candid and professional portraits, various collected materials, and other related content.
- Notes
- Fonds consists of three sous-fonds:
- I. Norman Luxton sous-fonds, [ca.1880]-1962, ca. 7.5 m. of textual records and photographs in four series: A. Correspondence, B. Business, financial and legal, C. Personal, D. Personal and professional, E. Collected materials.
- II. Eleanor Luxton sous-fonds, [ca.1890]-1995, ca. 15 m. of textual records, sound recordings and photographs in six series: A. Correspondence, B. Professional, C. Personal, D. Business, financial and legal, E. Travel and events, F. Collected materials.
- III. Luxton family sous-fonds, 1836-1972, ca.6.5 m. of textual records and photographs in four series: A. Norman Luxton family series, [ca.1900-ca.1970]; B. Georgina Luxton series, [ca.1890]-1967; C. Related family series, [ca.1890]-1972; D. Other material series, 1836-1970; E. Luxton family home records [1996].
- Name Access
- Luxton, Eleanor
- Luxton, Georgina
- Luxton, Norman
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Commerce and industry
- Education
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- First Nations
- Professional and Personal Life
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Research
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Reproduction Restrictions
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Finding Aid
- Finding aids and reference tools: electronic finding aid for processed material
- box list for unprocessed material
- Category
- Arts
- Commerce and industry
- Education
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- First nations
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
Electronic Resources
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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