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Background information for publishing
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions54950
- Scope & Content
- File consists of background information about the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies [some published], and correspondence between the Trail Riders and various publishers pertaining to the use of background information in future publications and promotional material.
- Date Range
- 1962
- 1968
- [1970-1975]
- 1971
- 1974
- 1977
- Reference Code
- M545 / III / 30
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- GMD
- Textual record
- Organization record
- Published record
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- Fonds Number
- M545 / V635
- Series
- M545 / III : Published records
- Sous-Fonds
- M545
- Accession Number
- 5939
- Reference Code
- M545 / III / 30
- Date Range
- 1962
- 1968
- [1970-1975]
- 1971
- 1974
- 1977
- Physical Description
- 1 cm of textual records
- Scope & Content
- File consists of background information about the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies [some published], and correspondence between the Trail Riders and various publishers pertaining to the use of background information in future publications and promotional material.
- Name Access
- Primrose, Tom
- Watkins, Howard
- Watkins, Stuart
- Henson, Barbara
- McBeath, Thomas
- Gibbon, John Murray
- Parry, Mona
- Subject Access
- History
- Organizations
- Publication
- Tourism
- Geographic Access
- Canada
- Alberta
- Calgary
- Edmonton
- Language
- English
- Category
- Communications
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of file
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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A Century of American alpinism, 2002
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/catalogue20146
- Medium
- Library - Book (including soft-cover and pamphlets)
- Published Date
- 2002
- Author
- Fay, Charles Ernest
- Bent, Allen Herbert
- Palmer, Howard
- Thorington, James Monroe
- Kauffman, Andrew John
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Publisher
- Boulder, CO : American Alpine Club,
- Call Number
- G505 F39 C46
1 website
- Author
- Fay, Charles Ernest
- Bent, Allen Herbert
- Palmer, Howard
- Thorington, James Monroe
- Kauffman, Andrew John
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Responsibility
- Charles Earnest Fay, Allen Herbert Bent, Howard Palmer, James Monroe Thorington, Andrew John Kauffman, William Lowell Putnam
- Publisher
- Boulder, CO : American Alpine Club,
- Published Date
- 2002
- Physical Description
- ix, 196 pages, xxxii pages of plates : illustrations, portraits
- Subjects
- American Alpine Club
- History
- Mountaineering
- Clubs
- Abstract
- Pertains to a century of American alpinism from 1902 to 2002
- Contents
- Forward
- Preface
- I Earliest American Mountaineers
- II Pacific Crests
- III Later and Farther North
- IV Tidewater Alaska
- V Early Amerian Ascents in the Alps
- VI Appalachian Mountain Club Roots
- VII The Social Aspect of Alpinism
- VIII To the Top of the Continent
- IX Other Mountain Clubs of America
- X Momentous Events
- XI Afield and at War
- XII Changing Mores
- XIII Moving West
- XIV Not All Sweetness and Light
- XV The Study of Mountain Elevations
- XVI Exclusiveness or Inclusiveness
- XVII Changing Faces
- Appendices
- Index
- Accession Number
- AC637
- Call Number
- G505 F39 C46
- Collection
- Alpine Club of Canada Library
- URL Notes
- American Alpine Club link to book
Websites
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
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Dorothy Wardle fonds
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions398
- Part Of
- Dorothy Wardle fonds
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of two sous-fonds: M521 and V75. M521 consists of four series, 154 cm, ca.1870-2002. Series I: Dorothy Wardle Personal Papers, 69.5 cm, ca.1870-2002 (includes Dorothy's written work and research and notes related to Banff). Series II: Wardle Family, 32.5 cm, 1872-1998 (including cor…
- Date Range
- ca.1870-2002
- Reference Code
- M521 / V75
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Postcard
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Private record
- Published record
- Part Of
- Dorothy Wardle fonds
- Description Level
- 1 / Fonds
- Fonds Number
- M521
- V75
- Sous-Fonds
- M521
- V75
- Accession Number
- 5296, 5391, 7504
- Reference Code
- M521 / V75
- GMD
- Photograph
- Album
- Negative
- Photograph print
- Postcard
- Transparency
- Textual record
- Private record
- Published record
- Date Range
- ca.1870-2002
- Physical Description
- 154 cm of textual records. -- 1304 photographs (1190 prints, 95 negatives, 19 transparencies). -- 6 photograph albums.
- History / Biographical
- The Wardle family was comprised of husband and wife, James Morey Wardle (June 26,1888 - May 18,1971) and Maud Leette (Roney) Wardle (May 24,1889 - December 1,1969), and their one child, Dorothy Hope Wardle (May 23,1919 - July 20,2003). James Wardle, born in Chiliwack, British Columbia, was a civil engineer and public servant. He was the Superintendent of Banff National Park from 1918-1921, Chief Engineer for Parks Canada from 1921-1935, and Deputy Minister of the Interior from 1935-1936. He is primarily known as a highway design engineer, particularly for building the Banff-Windermere, Banff-Lake Louise, and Banff-Jasper highways. He was a councillor for the Municipality of Rockcliffe Park in Ontario and he was the President of the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies in Banff from 1925-1929. Mount Wardle in Vermillion was named after him in 1921. James married Leette on November 4, 1913, with whom he had one child, Dorothy. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Dorothy (also known as Dot and Dorie) grew up in Banff, Alberta and Ottawa, Ontario, due to her father's position with the federal government. She was educated at the Mountain School in Banff and at the Elmwood School in Ottawa. All three family members were graduates of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. James graduated in 1912 with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Leette graduated with a Bachelor's degree, and in 1942, Dorothy also earned a Bachelor's degree. Dorothy was prominent in student life and active in athletics. In 1941, Dorothy became the first woman elected as President of the Alma Mater Society and during her academic career, Dorothy was a member of the Levana Intercollegiate Debative, University Centenary Committee, and Queen’s War Aid Commission. Dorothy spent her career as a freelance writer however, upon graduation she served as the first Secretary-In-Charge of Records at Carleton College (now Carleton University) from 1942-1944 in Ottawa and in the mid-1950s worked as a secretary for the Glenbow Foundation in Calgary. Dorothy pursued a lifelong interest in traveling, art, and antiques. Although she was fiercely proud and protective of Banff and the Park, and remained a volunteer and patron of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Dorothy eventually settled in Sidney, British Columbia and shared an apartment with Sheila Iris Ritchie, with whom Dorothy travelled extensively. After her death in 2003, Dorothy, "Dorie," was laid to rest alongside her parents in the Old Banff Cemetery.
- Scope & Content
- Fonds consists of two sous-fonds: M521 and V75.
- M521 consists of four series, 154 cm, ca.1870-2002. Series I: Dorothy Wardle Personal Papers, 69.5 cm, ca.1870-2002 (includes Dorothy's written work and research and notes related to Banff). Series II: Wardle Family, 32.5 cm, 1872-1998 (including correspondence with Carl Rungius and Mrs. Helen Brett, and Christmas and other greeting cards from Peter and Catharine Whyte). Series III: Queen's University, 7.5 cm, 1911-1980 (including graduation certificates for each family member and records pertaining to Dorothy's participation on the Alma Mater Society). Series IV: Travel, 44.5 cm, ca.1950-1988 (includes hand-written notebooks meticulously detailing their travels).
- V75 consists of two series, 79.5 cm, ca. 1912-2001. Series I: Wardle Family, ca. 1912-1971, 6 albums, 31 cm of photograph prints and negatives (including family trips, trail rides in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and family gatherings). Series II: Dorothy Wardle, 1972-2001, 34 cm of photograph prints, negatives, and transparencies (including Dorothy's travels in Alberta and British Columbia, overseas, and various outings with friends).
- Name Access
- Wardle, Dorothy
- Wardle, James
- Rungius, Carl
- Brett, Helen
- Keyte, Freeman
- Hart, E. J. (Ted)
- Harkin, J. B. (James Bernard)
- Brewster, Pat
- Peyto, Bill
- Brett, Robert George
- Sanson, Norman
- White, Clifford
- Drummond-Davies, Nora
- Mills, Ike
- McLean, George
- Walking Buffalo (George McLean)
- Kaquitts, Frank
- Oxborough, Dorothy
- Whyte, Jon
- Robinson, Dean
- Warren, Mary Schaffer
- Simpson, George
- Gibbon, John Murray
- Whyte, Catharine
- Whyte, Peter
- Greenham, Margaret
- Subject Access
- Arts
- Environment
- Personal and Family Life
- Banff
- Old Banff Cemetery
- Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies
- Cabins
- Travel
- Picnics and picnicking
- Holidays
- Scenery
- Christmas
- Dogs
- Horses
- Mountain
- Canoes and canoeing
- Hiking
- Wildlife
- War Memorial
- Highland Games
- Bow River Bridge
- Golfing
- Anniversary
- Horseback riding
- Indigenous Peoples
- Stoney Nakoda
- Education
- Snowshoes and snowshoeing
- Banff Winter Carnival
- Banff Winter Festival
- Women
- Trails
- Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies
- Sports and leisure
- Skiing
- European travel
- Beach
- Calgary Herald
- Geography
- Government
- Newspaper
- Politics
- Research
- Banff Public Library
- National parks and reserves
- Park policy
- Parks Canada
- Wardens
- Ya-Ha-Tinda Ranch
- Community life
- Mines and mineral resources
- History
- Immigration and homesteading
- Settlement
- Organizations
- World War II
- Biographical
- Professional and Personal Life
- Grizzly Bears
- Fire fighters
- Sunshine Village
- Teahouses
- Banff Indian Days
- Regalia
- Calgary Stampede
- Mountain guides
- Mountain School
- The Albertan
- Crag and Canyon newspaper
- Homestead Hotel
- Banff Centre
- Hot Springs
- Superintendents
- Automobiles
- Natural history
- Records
- Calendar
- Finances
- Leases
- Legal and Financial
- Property
- Recreation
- Geographic Access
- Banff
- Banff National Park
- Canmore
- Alberta
- Canada
- Canadian Rocky Mountains
- Castle Mountain
- Bankhead
- British Columbia
- Glacier National Park
- Kootenay National Park
- Silver City
- Victoria
- Scotland
- Revelstoke
- Yoho National Park
- Ottawa
- Ontario
- Prince Edward Island
- Plain of Six Glaciers
- Lake Agnes
- Lake Louise
- Lake Minnewanka
- Lake O'Hara
- Bow River
- Calgary
- Sidney
- San Francisco
- United States
- Europe
- Germany
- Switzerland
- France
- Spain
- Monaco
- Italy
- Denmark
- Austria
- Quebec
- Windermere
- New York
- Assiniboine
- Ghost River
- High River
- Quebec City
- New Brunswick
- Maine
- Great Divide
- Moraine Lake
- Maligne Lake
- Columbia Icefield
- Washington
- Philadelphia
- Atlantic City
- Larch Valley
- Cascade Mountain
- Panama
- Sulphur Mountain
- Field
- Emerald Lake
- Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump
- Takkakaw Falls
- Jasper National Park
- Athabasca Falls
- Okanagan
- Kananaskis
- Hoodoos
- Powell River
- Montreal
- Access Restrictions
- Some restriction/s on access
- Copyright, privacy, commercial use and other restrictions may apply
- Language
- Language is English
- Related Material
- Dorothy also donated artwork (by Carl Rungius) to Art and Heritage.
- James Morey Wardle fonds (Library and Archives Canada)
- Category
- Arts
- Environment
- Education
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Family and personal life
- First nations
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on accession records and contents of fonds
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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The Great Glacier and its house : the story of the first center of alpinism in North America, 1885-1925
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/catalogue20180
- Medium
- Library - Book (including soft-cover and pamphlets)
- Published Date
- 1982
- Author
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Publisher
- New York : American Alpine Club
- Call Number
- 01.4 P98t reference
1 website
- Author
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Responsibility
- Willaim Lowell Putnam
- Publisher
- New York : American Alpine Club
- Published Date
- 1982
- Physical Description
- 23 pages : illustrations, portraits, map
- Subjects
- Glacier House
- Illecillewaet Glacier
- Selkirk Mountains
- Railway routes
- Railway stations
- Railways
- Tourism
- Mountaineering
- American Alpine Club
- History
- Abstract
- he hotel is gone and the passenger trains, now rarely on time, go by only once daily. The Great Glacier has all but vanished. The motor traffic on the fast, modern highway sweeps past in ignorance that this deep, half-forgotten, Illecillewaet valley of the Selkirk Mountains, with its dark forests and glittering summits, was the cradle of professional North American mountaineering and, for several decades, the principal Canadian attraction for climbers from three continents. Surely the time has long since passed for someone to tell the story of the early days when geologists, scientists, alpinists, guides, tourists and more than a few of our continent’s empire builders stopped in Glacier, British Columbia to explore, study, climb, earn a modest living, admire the scenery or just rest from their labors. It is most appropriate that William L. Putnam, one of America’s outstanding experts on the Selkirks, should have undertaken the task of writing a history of the area. It is even more appropriate that this history should have been published by The American Alpine Club, whose first president, Professor Charles E. Fay, spent many sunny days over several seasons scaling the region’s unclimbed summits and, as we learn from the text, many rainy weeks in the Old Glacier House where at idle moments he amused himself by analyzing the comments in the hotel’s guest register. The author has labored hard and gone to great lengths to obtain original source material and to check facts. As might be expected, his story begins with the construction of the Canadian Pacific track through Roger’s Pass; without it, the central Selkirks and the outstanding Matterhorn-like crest of Mount Sir Donald would no doubt still be little known and less visited. The absence of dining cars on the early transcontinental express trains, plus the superb view of what was then the awesome Illecillewaet Glacier, led to the building of a small restaurant-hotel by the track some five miles west of the pass. In time that hotel grew to become the Canadian Pacific’s western show-piece. Tourists, scientists, mountaineers and guides arrived in growing numbers. The peaks were measured and climbed, trails were built, caves explored and an electric generator was constructed to light the premises. A pet bear was even provided on the grounds for the entertainment of guests. Then, slowly, the Great Glacier retreated, the railroad was modernized and rerouted through a five-mile tunnel some distance from the hotel, tourists and climbers alike went off to war on the battlefields of France, and the Canadian Pacific shifted its emphasis to its latter-day attraction at Lake Louise in the nearby Rockies. The old hotel was closed, then torn down, and the valley and its glacier almost forgotten. Such is the skeleton of Putnam’s story. But it is far more. Putnam has labored industriously. He has unearthed, and quoted at length, the original on-the-spot observations of the early visitors in the decades between 1890 and 1920. He has recovered ancient photographs, many excellent, to illustrate the stories and anecdotes he recounts. Thanks to his labor of love, those of us who are familiar only with modern mountaineering now have the opportunity to learn what climbing was like in the good old days around the turn of the century. Despite its deceptive scrapbook style, the work is scholarly. It is also highly nostalgic. The author is at his best with the history of the early climbing. One wishes he had personally said more and quoted less—but, then, many of the quotations are memorable. He might also have omitted, or at least modified, the chapter on distant Mount Sir Sandford, for its story, while essential in any broad account of Selkirk climbing, belongs elsewhere and shifts the focus away from the House and the Glacier at the very moment when the reader has become engrossed in both. But these, however, are minor flaws, overshadowed by good research, an entertaining style, excellent history and magnificent illustrations. Samuel H. Goodhue (from American Alpine Club)
- Contents
- Introduction
- The Railroad Track
- The House
- The Tourists
- First Climbers
- Men of Science
- Alpina Americana
- Britannic Majesty
- Canadians at Last
- Some of the Best
- The Last Big Mountain
- The Rest is Silence
- Appendices
- A: The Guides
- B: Place Names in the Central Selkirks
- Bibliography
- Index
- Notes
- Signed by author - addressed to Hans Gmoser
- ISBN
- 0930410130
- Accession Number
- AC637
- Call Number
- 01.4 P98t reference
- Collection
- Archives Library
- URL Notes
- Link to book review on American Alpine Club website
Websites
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Historical summary 1923-1973
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions54839
- Scope & Content
- File consists of one scanned copy of publication titled "Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies historical summary 1923-1973", and a smaller copy of the same text which contains a parody of "The Old Scottish Cavalier" by John Murray Gibbon [the parody was a tribute to Tom Wilson]; one copy of "Histor…
- Date Range
- [1971]
- 1976
- 1987
- Reference Code
- M545 / III / 27
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- GMD
- Textual record
- Published record
- Organization record
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- Fonds Number
- M545 / V635
- Series
- M545 / III : Published records
- Sous-Fonds
- M545
- Accession Number
- 5939
- 8235
- Reference Code
- M545 / III / 27
- Responsibility
- Content produced by Mary S. Lore and John Murray Gibbon
- Date Range
- [1971]
- 1976
- 1987
- Physical Description
- 1.5 cm of textual records (4 volumes ; 21.5 x 28 cm or smaller)
- Scope & Content
- File consists of one scanned copy of publication titled "Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies historical summary 1923-1973", and a smaller copy of the same text which contains a parody of "The Old Scottish Cavalier" by John Murray Gibbon [the parody was a tribute to Tom Wilson]; one copy of "Historical Summary of the Skyline Hikers of the Canadian Rockies 1933-1970"; and a draft of a 1987 historical summary of the Trail Riders with editing notes.
- Notes
- Date range provided is estimate by Processing Archivist, as specific production date of item in file is unknown
- Name Access
- Lore, Mary S.
- Gibbon, John Murray
- Subject Access
- Anniversary
- History
- Research
- Organizations
- Poetry
- Geographic Access
- Canada
- Alberta
- Banff National Park
- Access Restrictions
- Handle with caution as some materials are damaged
- Reproduction Restrictions
- Handle with caution as some materials are damaged
- Language
- English
- Conservation
- One item has been placed in mylar
- Category
- Arts
- Sports, recreation and leisure
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of file
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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Royal visit and events in Banff, Crowfoot Crossing
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/descriptions55025
- Part Of
- Luxton family fonds
- Scope & Content
- File consists of 29 photograph prints pertaining to several public events hosted in and around Banff. Includes an opening event for the Banff-Windermere highway in 1923; an event at Crowfoot Crossing in 1927 marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of Treaty 7; an Authors’ Banquet held in 1928; …
- Date Range
- 1923
- 1926-1928
- 1958
- 1960
- Reference Code
- LUX / I / D6c / PA - 183 to 211
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- GMD
- Photograph
- Photograph print
- Part Of
- Luxton family fonds
- Description Level
- 5 / File
- Fonds Number
- LUX
- Series
- LUX / I / D : Professional and personal
- Sous-Fonds
- LUX / I : Norman Luxton sous-fonds
- Sub-Series
- LUX / I / D6 : Other activities and interests
- Accession Number
- LUX
- Reference Code
- LUX / I / D6c / PA - 183 to 211
- Responsibility
- Items LUX/I/D6c/PA-199 and 200 attributed to Canadian Pacific
- Date Range
- 1923
- 1926-1928
- 1958
- 1960
- Physical Description
- 29 photographs : b&w ; 20.5 x 25 cm or smaller
- Scope & Content
- File consists of 29 photograph prints pertaining to several public events hosted in and around Banff. Includes an opening event for the Banff-Windermere highway in 1923; an event at Crowfoot Crossing in 1927 marking the 50th anniversary of the signing of Treaty 7; an Authors’ Banquet held in 1928; and a royal visit to Banff by Princess Margaret of England in 1958, including images of Norman Luxton presenting Princess Margaret with a gift of clothes and accessories from the Stoney Nakoda tribe[?].
- Notes
- File also contains two pages with 8 scanned images related to Princess Margaret’s 1958 visit to Banff [duplicates of photos LUX/I/D6c/PA-190 to 197 in file]; paper copies of photos are not numbered
- John Murray Gibbon’s name spelled incorrectly in original annotations on two photographs depicting Authors’ Banquet event in 1928.
- Name Access
- Luxton, Norman
- Anderson, J. D. (Jack)
- Boyce, Dorothy
- Crosby, Lou
- Boon, Ann
- Gibbon, John Murray
- Subject Access
- Events
- Community events
- Public events
- Royal Visit
- Royalty
- Arts
- Cultural pluralism
- Transportation
- Construction
- Roads
- History
- Government
- Anniversary
- Indigenous Peoples
- Geographic Access
- Canada
- Alberta
- Banff
- Crowfoot Crossing
- Language
- English
- Conservation
- Consider removal of two pages with scanned photograph copies stored in file - poor quality scans and original photographs are in good condition
- Category
- Cultural pluralism
- Indigenous Peoples
- Arts
- Exploration, discovery and travel
- Transportation
- Land, settlement and immigration
- Title Source
- Title based on contents of file
- Content Details
- Item LUX/I/D6c/PA-198 has newspaper clipping attached to back, pertaining to Princess Margaret royal visit in 1958 and Norman Luxton presenting a gift to her.
- Processing Status
- Processed
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
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A tale of two passes : an inquiry into certain alpine literature
https://archives.whyte.org/en/permalink/catalogue20167
- Medium
- Library - Book (including soft-cover and pamphlets)
- Published Date
- 2008
- Author
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Publisher
- Flagstaff, Arizona : Light Technology
- Co-published by American Alpine Club, Alpine Club of Canada and International Association of Alpine Societies
- Call Number
- 08 P98 T14
1 website
- Author
- Putnam, William Lowell
- Responsibility
- William L. Putnam
- Publisher
- Flagstaff, Arizona : Light Technology
- Co-published by American Alpine Club, Alpine Club of Canada and International Association of Alpine Societies
- Published Date
- 2008
- Physical Description
- i, 219 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), maps
- Subjects
- Mountaineering
- Alps
- Alps, Italian
- History
- Passes
- Literature
- Abstract
- Written by AAC Honorary President William L Putnam, "this text is devoted to that pair of passes: the Mont Cenis and the Great Saint Bernard. Both of these mountain crossings appear to have been known and used from pre-Roman times. Both were prominently and frequently used by the Romans inestablishing and maintaining their empire; both were long adorned with hospice/shelters near their crests; and both have been by-passed by modern tunnels but are still crossed by paved highways. Despite these similiarites, their historic prominence derives from distinctly different events and factors. Herein lies the histories of these passes and stories of many travelers amongst the Alps - told as much as possible in their own words." ( from book jacket)
- Contents
- Introduction
- Part I:
- Chapter I : Early Alpine Passages
- Chapter II : The Terrain
- Part II:
- Chapter III : Hannibal's Crossing
- Chater IV : The Argument
- Chapter V : The Railway
- Part III:
- Chater VI : The Other Route of the Ancients
- Chapter VII : Hazards of the Mountain
- Chapter VIII : The Great Saint Bernard in Later Literature
- Chapter IX : The Early Alpinists
- Chapter X : The Largest Crossing
- Chapter XI : Popes and Passes
- Index
- Notes
- Signed by author - addressed to Margaret Gmoser - dated October 19th, 2008
- ISBN
- 1-891824-66-X
- Accession Number
- AC637
- Call Number
- 08 P98 T14
- Collection
- Archives Library
- URL Notes
- Book available through The American Alpine Club
Websites
This material is presented as originally created; it may contain outdated cultural descriptions and
potentially offensive content.
Read more.
