Fonds constitutes the principal resource for the study of the history of Canadian mountaineering. It provides a wealth of information on individual alpinists, expeditions, mountains, national parks, conservation, climbing, alpine organizations, publications, guiding, scientific study and the Alpin…
ca.42 m of textual records. -- ca.12,500 photographs: prints, stereographic prints, transparencies, slides, negatives, postcards. -- 85 photograph albums. -- 8 motion pictures: films, video recordings. -- 3 sound recordings
History / Biographical
The Alpine Club of Canada, the national mountaineering club, was co-founded in 1906 by A. O. Wheeler and Elizabeth Parker, and other like-minded climbers. The club espoused scientific study and exploration, cultivation of art, public education, acquisition of climbing skills, and preservation of natural areas within the mountainous regions of Canada. Through a national executive, local sections and volunteer committees, the club provided climbing camps, clubhouse, huts, and publications, including the Canadian Alpine Journal. ACC expeditions and projects resulted in pioneer exploration, first ascents, and included mountain warfare training during the Second World War. In recent years, the club's membership has increased dramatically with the popularity of climbing and its programs have evolved to serve the needs of unguided climbers using sophisticated technical aids.
Scope & Content
Fonds constitutes the principal resource for the study of the history of Canadian mountaineering. It provides a wealth of information on individual alpinists, expeditions, mountains, national parks, conservation, climbing, alpine organizations, publications, guiding, scientific study and the Alpine Club itself.
The fonds consists of four Sous-fonds: I. Alpine Club of Canada records; II. Mount Everest Expedition (1982) records; III. Personal papers and photographs; IV. Other material. Club administration records (series I.A.) pertain to executive positions; head office; finance; camps, climbing and treks; expeditions; huts and properties; clubhouses; library; publications; photography; other committees; other activities; and other. Other club records include section records (series I.B.), hut registers and summit records (series I.C.).
Fonds consists of the photographic records and sample materials of Byron Harmon Photos, the photographic business of Byron Harmon and his successors; as well as the personal photographs of Byron Harmon. I. Scenic / commercial, 1907-1975, ca.7600 items. Primary component of series is film and glass…
Byron Hill Harmon, 1876-1942, was a professional photographer and businessman at Banff, Alberta, Canada. He was born near Tacoma, Washington, USA and operated a portrait studio there for a time. In 1903, while travelling around the United States and Canada as an itinerant photographer, he decided to settle in Banff and by 1907 had produced enough mountain views to begin selling a line of postcards. Between 1906 and 1913, Harmon was official photographer for the Alpine Club of Canada and made trips in numerous mountain areas, such as the Bugaboos (1910) and Mount Robson (1911, 1913). Harmon personally financed trips into other areas, such as Tonquin Valley (1918) and Lake of the Hanging Glaciers (1920, 1922), producing both still photographs and motion pictures for commercial sale. After his last major expedition in 1924 across Saskatchewan Glacier, through to Maligne Lake and back to Banff by packtrain, Harmon devoted most of his time to photographing scenes along the railway, skiing in the Assiniboine and Skoki regions, and the annual rides and hikes of the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies and the Sky Line Trail Hikers of the Canadian Rockies. At the same time he managed several businesses, including a drug store, fountain lunch, theatre and book store. In his later years, Harmon spent much time travelling and photographing in other parts of the world. The business, Byron Harmon Photos, was managed successively by his son, Don Harmon, then his grand-daughter, Carole Harmon.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of the photographic records and sample materials of Byron Harmon Photos, the photographic business of Byron Harmon and his successors; as well as the personal photographs of Byron Harmon.
I. Scenic / commercial, 1907-1975, ca.7600 items. Primary component of series is film and glass negatives, 1907-1942, ca.6500 items. Also includes: postcard negatives and positives and production negatives to ca.1955; original prints; a wide range of sample products, such as postcards, enlargements and framing prints, calendars and viewbooks, mainly by Harmon business, some by other photographers; and lantern slides, ca.1913-192-, pertaining to Columbia Icefield Expedition, mountaineering, mountain landscapes, Indians, wildlife, Canadian Pacific Railway and Asian travel. Scenic / commercial series pertains to annual camps and expeditions of the Alpine Club of Canada in the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks, 1907-1913; private movie-making expeditions in the Canadian Rockies and Selkirks; mountain scenic views, primarily for postcard purposes; Banff events and development; skiing; birds and animals. Includes some material by Don Harmon and Lloyd Harmon, sons of Byron Harmon.
II. Personal, 189- to 194-, ca.370 items. Includes: family photographs and views received from others; motion picture out-takes pertaining to world travels, 1930s; and 35 mm. transparencies, ca.1940, pertaining mainly to world travels, also mountain and prairie scenics.
Notes
For more information on the Byron Harmon photographs, see "Great Days in the Rockies: The Photographs of Byron Harmon, 1906-1934" (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1978) or "Byron Harmon, Mountain Photographer" by Carole Harmon and Bart Robinson (Banff: Altitude Publishing, 1992)
Fonds consists of two sous-fonds: M521 and V75.
M521 consists of four series, 154 cm, ca.1870-2002. Series I: Dorothy Wardle Personal Papers, 69.5 cm, ca.1870-2002 (includes Dorothy's written work and research and notes related to Banff). Series II: Wardle Family, 32.5 cm, 1872-1998 (including cor…
154 cm of textual records. -- 1304 photographs (1190 prints, 95 negatives, 19 transparencies). -- 6 photograph albums.
History / Biographical
The Wardle family was comprised of husband and wife, James Morey Wardle (June 26,1888 - May 18,1971) and Maud Leette (Roney) Wardle (May 24,1889 - December 1,1969), and their one child, Dorothy Hope Wardle (May 23,1919 - July 20,2003).
James Wardle, born in Chiliwack, British Columbia, was a civil engineer and public servant. He was the Superintendent of Banff National Park from 1918-1921, Chief Engineer for Parks Canada from 1921-1935, and Deputy Minister of the Interior from 1935-1936. He is primarily known as a highway design engineer, particularly for building the Banff-Windermere, Banff-Lake Louise, and Banff-Jasper highways. He was a councillor for the Municipality of Rockcliffe Park in Ontario and he was the President of the Trail Riders of the Canadian Rockies in Banff from 1925-1929. Mount Wardle in Vermillion was named after him in 1921. James married Leette on November 4, 1913, with whom he had one child, Dorothy.
Born in Calgary, Alberta, Dorothy (also known as Dot and Dorie) grew up in Banff, Alberta and Ottawa, Ontario, due to her father's position with the federal government. She was educated at the Mountain School in Banff and at the Elmwood School in Ottawa. All three family members were graduates of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. James graduated in 1912 with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Leette graduated with a Bachelor's degree, and in 1942, Dorothy also earned a Bachelor's degree. Dorothy was prominent in student life and active in athletics. In 1941, Dorothy became the first woman elected as President of the Alma Mater Society and during her academic career, Dorothy was a member of the Levana Intercollegiate Debative, University Centenary Committee, and Queen’s War Aid Commission.
Dorothy spent her career as a freelance writer however, upon graduation she served as the first Secretary-In-Charge of Records at Carleton College (now Carleton University) from 1942-1944 in Ottawa and in the mid-1950s worked as a secretary for the Glenbow Foundation in Calgary. Dorothy pursued a lifelong interest in traveling, art, and antiques. Although she was fiercely proud and protective of Banff and the Park, and remained a volunteer and patron of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Dorothy eventually settled in Sidney, British Columbia and shared an apartment with Sheila Iris Ritchie, with whom Dorothy travelled extensively. After her death in 2003, Dorothy, "Dorie," was laid to rest alongside her parents in the Old Banff Cemetery.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of two sous-fonds: M521 and V75.
M521 consists of four series, 154 cm, ca.1870-2002. Series I: Dorothy Wardle Personal Papers, 69.5 cm, ca.1870-2002 (includes Dorothy's written work and research and notes related to Banff). Series II: Wardle Family, 32.5 cm, 1872-1998 (including correspondence with Carl Rungius and Mrs. Helen Brett, and Christmas and other greeting cards from Peter and Catharine Whyte). Series III: Queen's University, 7.5 cm, 1911-1980 (including graduation certificates for each family member and records pertaining to Dorothy's participation on the Alma Mater Society). Series IV: Travel, 44.5 cm, ca.1950-1988 (includes hand-written notebooks meticulously detailing their travels).
V75 consists of two series, 79.5 cm, ca. 1912-2001. Series I: Wardle Family, ca. 1912-1971, 6 albums, 31 cm of photograph prints and negatives (including family trips, trail rides in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and family gatherings). Series II: Dorothy Wardle, 1972-2001, 34 cm of photograph prints, negatives, and transparencies (including Dorothy's travels in Alberta and British Columbia, overseas, and various outings with friends).
Fonds consist of papers and photographs pertaining to Lizzie Rummel, her career and her family. Textual records consist mainly of correspondence, 1930-1980, mostly incoming. Also includes personal papers, 1902, 1926-1980, and records pertaining to Mount Assiniboine concerns, Skoki area, ski touring…
60 cm of textual records. -- ca.2200 photographs : prints, postcards, transparencies, negatives. -- 5 photograph albums (400 prints). -- 2 sound recordings : audio tape reels
History / Biographical
Elizabeth (Lizzie) Rummel, 1897-1980, was a lodge owner and operator at Banff National Park, Alberta and Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. Rummel was born Elisabeth von Rummel to an aristocratic German family. With her mother and sisters, she ranched near Millarville, Alberta, after being stranded there during the First World War. In 1938, Lizzie moved to the mountains and became involved in early ski and backcountry operations. Her forty-two year career in the mountains included: working at Mount Assiniboine Lodge until 1942; managing Skoki Lodge and, at various times, Temple Chalet and Lake Louise Ski Lodge, ca.1943-1950; owning and operating Sunburst Lake Camp, 1950-1970; and working as assistant and oral history interviewer at the Archives of the Canadian Rockies (now the Archives of the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies) from 1966 to 1980. Lizzie was active in the town affairs of Canmore, Alberta, where she lived, as well as in various conservation and recreation organizations. She became a member of the Order of Canada in 1980.
Scope & Content
Fonds consist of papers and photographs pertaining to Lizzie Rummel, her career and her family.
Textual records consist mainly of correspondence, 1930-1980, mostly incoming. Also includes personal papers, 1902, 1926-1980, and records pertaining to Mount Assiniboine concerns, Skoki area, ski touring, Al Gaetz and Lawrence Grassi. Correspondents include Charlie Hunter, Ernest Lamarque and Erling Strom.
Photographs include four series: I. Professional and trips, 1903-1978, n.d., ca.1400 items; pertaining to Mount Assiniboine Camp and region, Sunburst Lake camp and region, Skoki Lodge and region, and trips and views in the Canadian Rockies and B.C., and including activities such as skiing, mountaineering and backcountry travel. II. Personal, ca.1898-1980, ca.485 items; pertaining to the Rummel Ranch, Rummel family and friends, Lizzie Rummel and friends and associates, other. III. Travels, 1936-1973, ca.145 items; pertaining to travels in Europe, Yukon and N.W.T. and other. IV. Other, 1912-1977, n.d., ca.140 items; pertaining to Indians, John Ware and other. Includes material by numerous photographers, including Arnold Brigden.
Sound recordings are Rummel reading in German and French from the guidebooks of Edward Feuz Jr. and Sr., 1969, and a practice tape by Rummel as an archives interviewer, 197-?
Fonds consists of photographs, 1913-1956 pertaining to climbing, guiding, backcountry skiing, and film-making of "Emperor Waltz", filmed in Jasper. Also included are personal photographs, 1935-1950. Photograph album pertains to farming, 1935 and includes ca.25 postcards re Jasper area and Europe,…
100 photographs: prints. -- 1 photograph album: ca.40 prints, ca.25 postcards. -- 6 cm textual records
History / Biographical
Ernst Niederer, 1891-1978, was an alpine ski and climbing guide at Jasper, Banff, Columbia Icefield and Lake Louise, Alberta. Niederer was born in Teufen, Switzerland and came to Canada in 1920. He began guiding in 1928 and was certified in 1940. He retired to Victoria in 1951, but continued to ski and teach. Niederer was survived by his wife Ivy and son Ernie.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of photographs, 1913-1956 pertaining to climbing, guiding, backcountry skiing, and film-making of "Emperor Waltz", filmed in Jasper. Also included are personal photographs, 1935-1950. Photograph album pertains to farming, 1935 and includes ca.25 postcards re Jasper area and Europe, ca.1940 - ca.1950. Textual records include certificates, passports, and published articles, 1913-1956.
Fonds consists of photographs pertaining to skiing in Canada and Europe, family, and the Banff Ski Team, and include Hans Gmoser ski trips, ca.1960 and beginner ski instruction, ca.1950. 15 postcards relate to local areas, ca.1940-1955, some by Byron Harmon; 50 European postcards, 1940-1955. Motio…
ca.525 photographs: ca.348 negatives, 24 transparencies, ca.87 [+ ca.1500 35mm contact prints] prints, ca.65 postcards. -- 12 motion pictures: 8mm film. -- ca.2 cm textual records
History / Biographical
John Hartefeld was born Johann Hartefeld in 1915 in Stettin, Poland (Germany). He studied physical education and manual arts from 1930 to 1933 and taught at a boys school in Berlin-Spandau from 1939 to 1945. Hartefeld moved to Garmish Partenkirchen, Germany where he worked as a ski instructor, sports teacher and faltboat (watercraft) instructor and guide.
Gertrud Vinzenzia Sattler was born in 1920 in Wilkischen, Czechoslovakia and attended business college and language school in Prague, earning a certificate as a bilingual secretary in English and German. From 1945 to 1953 Gertrud Sattler worked for the U.S. Army in Garmish Partenkirchen as a secretary, bookkeeper and interpreter. She met John Hartefeld in Garmish Partenkirchen and together they immigrated to Canada in 1953 and settled in Toronto, Ontario.
Gertie and John married in Toronto in 1953 and moved to Banff, Alberta settling at 213 Bear Street. In 1963, John and Gertie moved into their new home at 340 Muskrat Street, a house built by John. John Hartefeld earned his Alberta Journeyman's Certificate in Carpentry in 1958 and completed his B.Ed in Industrial Arts in the Faculty of Education in 1966 by attending summer schools and through correspondence courses with Queen's University and the University of Calgary. He taught at the Banff High School from 1957 to 1979 and was instrumental in designing and assembling the industrial arts shop at the Banff High School in 1962. John Hartefeld gave ski lessons to school-age students at Mount Norquay and he designed and built the wrought iron chandeliers and wall lamps in his home and also at the Bugaboo, Cariboo, and Bobbie Burns lodges. John enjoyed fishing, windsurfing, and building his own windsurfing boards for sailing at Vermillion Lakes. John Hartefeld died in a bicycle accident on Norquay Road in June 1997.
From 1953 to 1959 Gertie worked for J.D. Hansen of Banff doing insurance, real estate and legal work. From 1959 to 1964 Gertie worked for Dermod Owen-Flood, Barristers and Solicitors as a legal secretary and bookkeeper and from 1963 to 1966 she worked for Nesbitt, Beaumont et al. Barristers and Solicitors. Gertie provided secretarial and bookkeeping services for Rocky Mountain Guides (now CMH) from 1966 to 1968 and from 1962 to 1975, she worked as an insurance and real estate agent and was an officer of Banff Insurance Services Ltd. In 1975, Gertie became an insurance consultant for CMH. Gertie Hartefeld enjoyed skiing, fishing, cooking, and tennis. She was an accomplished weaver and a member of the Harvie Heights Weavers Guild. Her garments could be purchased at The Quest in Banff. Gertie Hartefeld died in 2002.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of photographs pertaining to skiing in Canada and Europe, family, and the Banff Ski Team, and include Hans Gmoser ski trips, ca.1960 and beginner ski instruction, ca.1950. 15 postcards relate to local areas, ca.1940-1955, some by Byron Harmon; 50 European postcards, 1940-1955. Motion pictures pertain to skiing at Norquay, Lake Louise, and Mount Assiniboine as well as landscapes and wildlife, 1967-1980. Textual records include marriage, citizenship and education certificates, passport, immigration papers, letters, and newspaper clippings, ca.1940-1997.
Fonds consists of photograph albums, 1911-1956, a scrapbook, 1922-1939, and loose prints pertaining to Sampson's alpine career, Alpine Club of Canada camps, climbs, activities and mountaineering in general. Scrapbook includes a postcard from Gustave A. Gambs re Mount Robson.
5 photograph albums (ca.300 prints). -- 24 photographs : prints. -- 1 textual record
History / Biographical
Herbert E. Sampson, 1871-1962, was a lawyer and mountaineer at Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Sampson was a life member of the Alpine Club of Canada, 1910, President, 1930-1932, and Honorary President, 1945. He attended all but six annual mountaineering camps between 1911 and 1956 and made over seventy-five ascents, including two first ascents.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of photograph albums, 1911-1956, a scrapbook, 1922-1939, and loose prints pertaining to Sampson's alpine career, Alpine Club of Canada camps, climbs, activities and mountaineering in general. Scrapbook includes a postcard from Gustave A. Gambs re Mount Robson.
Fonds consists of textual records, postcards, drawings and one photograph album pertaining to Mary (Molly) Wright Adams (1868-1909); transcripts of Molly's original letters which were compiled by Molly's sister, Catharine Elkin (nee Adams) between ca.1939 and 1941; and transcriptions of letters sen…
Some materials produced by Catharine (Adams) Elkin
Date Range
[ca.1844 - 1909]
[ca.1939 - 1944]
1980 - 1981
2014
Physical Description
21 cm of textual records -- 16 postcards -- 3 drawings -- 1 photograph album : 107 b&w photographs
History / Biographical
Mary Wright (Molly) Adams was born on 15 October 1868. in Ridgefield Connecticut. She was the third of five children born to Cornelia Ann Cook (1830-1902) and Daniel Lucius Adams (1814 - 1899) She died in Kobe, Japan on 23 January 1909 and was buried there.
Scope & Content
Fonds consists of textual records, postcards, drawings and one photograph album pertaining to Mary (Molly) Wright Adams (1868-1909); transcripts of Molly's original letters which were compiled by Molly's sister, Catharine Elkin (nee Adams) between ca.1939 and 1941; and transcriptions of letters sent between Molly's extended family members [including members of the Adams, Cook and Wright families], ca.1844 and 1866.
Textual records primarily consist of correspondence sent between Molly Adams and various friends and family members [ca.1891-1909].
Notes
Fonds consists of two series:
Series I : Correspondence [contains two sub-series: I / A : Molly Wright Adams ; I / B : Extended family]
Series II : Personal and collected records
File consists of one album containing 35 black and white postcards and 1 colour postcard. Contents pertain to wildlife in the Rocky Mountains, including moose, bears, big horn sheep, buffalo, cougars, deer and elk, at least some of which were held in the Banff Zoo. File also contains images of Leth…
1 album (36 photographs : b&w and col. ; 14 x 8.5 cm)
History / Biographical
The Banff Zoo operated as a tourist attraction from about 1905 until 1937, when it was shut down due to concerns about animal cruelty. While it was open, the Banff Zoo held monkeys, cougars, a polar bear named "Buddy" [acquired in 1907], two bear cubs from 1915 onwards, and various other wildlife.
Scope & Content
File consists of one album containing 35 black and white postcards and 1 colour postcard. Contents pertain to wildlife in the Rocky Mountains, including moose, bears, big horn sheep, buffalo, cougars, deer and elk, at least some of which were held in the Banff Zoo. File also contains images of Lethbridge [ca. 1909], Col. Cyril Childe [ca. 1920], Mt. Rundle, Niagara Canyon and other untitled views of the Canadian Rockies. One image depicting Lethbridge is dated 1909, stamped and annotated.
Notes
Most dates given are estimates provided by the Processing Archivist based on format and content of items
Numerous items appear to be missing
Inside cover of album reads: "Maud Woodworth from W.R. Lewis [?] ... 1909"
The Nicholas Morant fonds consists of Morant's freelance work from his early days with the Winnipeg Free Press to his retirement from the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1981. It is national in scope and also includes some international material. The fonds is comprised of three series: I. Photograp…
Nicholas Everard Morant, 1910-1999, was a professional photographer based at Banff, Alberta, Canada. He was a Canadian commercial photographer of international repute and Canada's premier railway photographer of the 20th century.
Morant was born at Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of Francis and Mollie Morant. After attending the University School at Victoria, Morant served as Special Photographer to the CPR from 1929 to 1935 and again from 1944 to 1981. From 1935 to 1939, he was a cameraman for the Winnipeg Free Press, and from 1940 to 1944 worked with the Wartime Information Branch of the federal government (later to be known as the National Film Board Stills Division).
Morant had a prolific career as a freelance commercial, portrait, magazine, landscape and documentary photographer. His work appeared in numerous books and magazines, including Time, Life, Liberty, Saturday Evening Post, (Toronto) Star Weekly, Northern Sportsman, Reader's Digest, Country Guide, The Standard, National Home Monthly, Canadian Photography, Outdoor Canada, National Geographic, the Globe & Mail, Winnipeg Tribune, New York Daily News, and the two Canadian Pacific Railway magazines, The Spanner and Rail News.
Two wartime images were featured on postage stamps, while three landscape views appeared on Canadian $10, $50 and $100 bills. His images were also used for corporate annual reports, postcards, brochures, calendars and advertisements. From the 1950s to 1980s Morant gave public slide shows of his work, two of the most popular being "A Talk Without Words" and "The World At Your Feet".
Morant married Ivy May "Willie" Young in 1936 when he was a photographer with the Winnipeg Free Press. Beginning in 1929, and until the end of her life, Morant's travelling and working companion was his wife, "Willie," 1910-1986.
Scope & Content
The Nicholas Morant fonds consists of Morant's freelance work from his early days with the Winnipeg Free Press to his retirement from the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1981. It is national in scope and also includes some international material. The fonds is comprised of three series: I. Photography; II. Professional records; III. Personal and family records.
I. Photography series consists of: A. Negatives and transparencies, B. Transparencies, C. Prints, D. Other photographs. II. Professional records series consists of: A. Working records, B. Career records, C. Topical files. III. Personal and family records series consists of: A. Nick and Willie Morant, B. Nick Morant funeral and memorial, C. Francis and Mollie Morant, D. Collected material
Notes
Full summary of sub-sub-series levels:
I / A : 1) Darkroom Files [ a) Negative Albums b) Black/White Series I and II c) Colour Series I and II
d) Leica Negs ]
2) GD Files
I / B : 1) Presentations [ a) Topical Files b) Thematic Files ]
2) General Files
3) Other
I / C : 1) Print Files
I / D : 1) Exhibition and Display Prints
2) Photographs used by John Garden
3) Other Photographs
II / A : 1) Log Books
2) Notebooks
II / B : 1) Career Binders [ a) Postcards b) Brochures and Advertising c) clippings and articles
d) Calendar Photographs ]
2) Scrapbooks [ a) Content 1933 - 1946 b) Content 1940 - 1980 ]
II / C : 1) Numbered / Titled Files [ a) Group A b) Group B c) Group C d) Group D e) Group H
f) Group P g) Group R ]
2) Other Topical Files [ a) Railway; i) Timetables ii) Publications iii) Other
b) Photography; i) Textual Records ii) Print Material
c) Travel d) Exhibitions and Galleries e)Personal f) Other ]
3) Postcards, Greeting Cards and Ephemera Collection
4) Published Images and Text
5) Professional Photography
6) Promotional Items, Awards and Correspondence
7) Presentation and Interview Materials
III / A : 1) Correspondence
2) Personal Papers [ a) Personal Records b) Notes and Notebooks c) Lists and Card Files
d) Awards and Retirement ]
3) Personal Photographs
4) House Records [ a) Construction b) Household Records ]
5) Business, Financial and Legal Papers
6) Interviews, Reminiscences Personal Recordings
7) Other Records (Signs, Cartoons, Drawings, etc.)
8) Personal Correspondence and Notes
9) Travel Documents and Maps
III / B : 1) Nick Morant Funeral, Memorial and Estate
III / C : 1) Mollie Morant Papers
2) Other Family Papers
III / D : 1) Sound Recordings
2) Biographical Material
3) Other Papers and Photographs [ a) Burton Wheatley Family b) Other ]
4) Personal and Family Photography
5) Personal Interest and Gifts